Routine in Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Routine in Business Organizations - Essay Example A routine is characterized as a propensity for accomplishing something in a specific request. The example of schedules in a family requires a center routine which is followed day by day, for example, awakening, taking breakfast, preparing for work or school. These schedules become practically programmed and take a great deal of control. Routine is generally considered as a plane or a schedule that decides your day, week or yearly exercises. One can observe the time and the exercises that should be cultivated during those arranged occasions. In this way, schedules are ordinary assignments, errands or obligations that must be done routinely, or at indicated spans, average or in regular exercises. In this writing survey a basic assessment of the setting of schedule, its utilization and application in business associations just as in the field of brain research where routine is now and then vital to the mediation procedures, is investigated. Additionally remembered for this survey is the model of schedules applied in the board and brain science. It is basic that an away from of the idea of routine be gotten from past examination. Hodgson, in his basic examination of Nelson and Winter's Transformative Theory of Economic Change (1982), found that the creators here and there characterized standard as genotypes or owing to demeanors and some of the time it is characterized as phenotypes or credited to conduct (363).. He presents genotypes as the generative principle that incorporates the structures, rules, methods, shows, methodologies, and advances that are characteristic in imbued singular propensities and in hierarchical schedules. (364) Hence, propensities and demeanors are contingent, reliant on the generative instruments that produce conduct. The fitting definition for routine would be: A routine is an executable capacity for rehashed execution in some setting that [has] been scholarly by an association in light of specific weights. Therefore, schedules in the administration case are possibilities, not conduct. In the realm of brain science today, therapy is explicitly and halfway about those 'cloudy ideas'. Throughout the most recent few years psychological brain science has gotten engaged of the investigation of feeling made by logicians, therapists and neuroscientist as opposed to customary subjective researchers. Another option in contrast to therapy is socio-science; a subtler and all the more encouraging structure called Darwinian Psychology, likewise utilizes transformative variable to clarify human conduct which centers around feeling however their portrayals are instilled from instinct hypotheses and are enunciated from various methods of responding to battle for endurance. These clarifications are all theory, which are not really evident elements (Young, 2008). Another down point with brain research and routine is that therapists appear to have no more prominent enthusiasm for routine and booking, when they ought to have on account of the high effect it plays on human's life and c onduct. One can gain proficiency with a great deal concerning the human brain, conduct, and the social parts of conduct too. Be that as it may, there are no spotlights on how routine can influence ones' conduct, way of life, and even the effect of pressure. Shockingly, the majority of exploration manages just a modest number or schedule related points. Huge numbers of the present brain science articles on routine spotlights on wide themes like the effect of routine in the work

6 WARNING Signs Youre Getting Fired

6 WARNING Signs Youre Getting Fired Apprehensive you may lose your employment? It is safe to say that you are beginning to escape your supervisor when you see her coming? As opposed to live in dread, why not face the circumstance and consider the accompanying 6 admonition signs you’re getting terminated? That way you could perhaps take care of business and maintain a strategic distance from the unavoidable. You could attempt to make something happen at your present organization or begin searching for a new position while you despite everything have the wellbeing net of a check. Here are the main 6 admonition signs you’re getting fired:1. Job shiftYour work has changed, and not to improve things. In the event that your job out of nowhere moves or you’re moved to an alternate division without clarification, and that move is horizontal for example you haven’t been advanced, at that point you’re likely in the peril zone.2. More obligations, same payIf you’ve been given parcels more to do, or some progressively troublesome undertakings, yet you haven’t been given a boost in compensation to go with it, at that point that presumably implies you’re engrossing crafted by somebody who was laid off-or somebody they were anticipating employing yet didn’t, for reasons unknown. It’s never a decent sign to be approached to accomplish more without being redressed. Keep your eyes open from here on out.3. The big enchiladas are hopping shipIf your company’s top entertainers are bailing and taking employments somewhere else, at that point you may do well to tail them. Trust that they best folks realize where to go so as to be esteemed. What's more, wonder why you’re not doing the same.4. Your industry is overOkay, possibly not finished, however kind of sinking. Your organization might be alright, yet your industry is encountering somewhat of a respite or slack. Don’t get smug. Begin thinking how your aptitudes and position ma y convert into different fields and don’t get captured with your jeans down.5. Your organization has another strategyThis infers that the bygone one wasn’t working so well. Attempt to abstain from turning out to be related with that old procedure, or hazard getting tossed out alongside it.6. Your organization relocatesAny time an organization moves, they discard a ton of their additional weight and costly representatives. You could be one loss of their cost-cutting.

Embodiment and Free Indirect Discourse Reliance Essay Example For Students

Encapsulation and Free Indirect Discourse: Relianceâ Essay Mrs. Dalloway is a definitive type of free roundabout talk. Virginia Woolf utilizes this scholarly method to permit the peruser an opportunity to genuinely dive into the characters’ musings. Through this component, character improvement happens not just through the viewpoint of an omniscient outsider yet additionally through the characters’ own focal points and the points of view of different characters. With free roundabout talk, the characters of this novel become significantly more than only personages in a novel about the occasions of a solitary day. Truth be told, the strategy offers ascend to certain characters coming to typify certain common topics in the novel. The execution of exemplification is basic since it permits Woolf to remark on certain social topics from all edges, shining a different light on complex subjects, for example, human instinct and love and religion. The auxiliary strategy of free aberrant talk is basic to the characters’ capacities t o typify subjects, which gives topic a more profound and progressively noxious importance all through the novel. Encapsulation in the novel expands a lot further than a character essentially representing a topic, it permits characters to become dangerous subjects. Dr. Holmes turns into the exemplification of human instinct. During his meeting with Dr. Holmes Septimus thinks about the specialist and human instinct as â€Å"the animal with red nostrils† (93). The implication of the word â€Å"brute† proposes that human instinct is characteristically underhanded. Truth be told Septimus, sees human instinct, and along these lines Dr. Holmes, as answerable for â€Å"the sin for which human instinct had sentenced him to death; that he didn't feel† (91). What extends the topic is the way that Dr. Holmes is totally ignorant of his epitome. He even expresses that he has â€Å"come as a friend† directly before Septimus executes himself (149). In reality, his appearance activated Septimus’s last defeat. The doctor’s powerlessness to understand his own epitome mirrors Septimus’s disappointment with his own failure to feel, adding measurement to the topic. So also, Miss Kilman turns into the encapsulation of adoration and religion. In any event, when â€Å"the group of Miss Kilman was not before her , it overpowered her †the idea† (126). For this situation, the epitome is considerably more strict: the tissue of Miss Kilman turns into the topic. Miss Kilman, dissimilar to Dr. Holmes, recognizes the encapsulation herself when she thinks, â€Å"it is the substance that she should control† (128). Clarissa feels that adoration and religion demolish â€Å"privacy of the soul†, something she enormously values (127). On a progressively unmistakable level, Miss Kilman truly takes Elizabeth, who she enormously adores, away from Clarissa. The encapsulation all through the novel offers light to the dangerous idea of specific topics. Be that as it may, this exemplification would not be conceivable without free backhanded talk. Free roundabout talk is the spine that permits exemplification to thrive. The strategy considers the peruser to enter Septimus’s psyche to comprehend the gravity of the trouble human instinct causes him. He feels that â€Å"human nature, to put it plainly, was on him†¦Holmes was on him† (92). Changing to Rezia’s perspective, out of nowhere Dr. Holmes â€Å"only needed to help them† (92). In any case, this idea stands out extraordinarily from the second Rezia at long last acknowledges Holmes causes a type of misery in Septimus she attempts to keep him from seeing her significant other just before Septimus kills himself. The epic is never told from Dr. Holmes’s perspective, which features Septimus’s absence of comprehension in his failure to feel. Septimus spirals downhill when human actually infringes on his concise snapshot of clarity: Holmes entering his home. Clarissa considers love to be religion as â€Å"the cruelest things in the world†¦clumsy, hot, domineering†¦ wearing a mackintosh coat† (126). Through Clarissa’s thought, the peruser can really comprehend that Kilman has obliterated what Clarissa esteems most. By changing to Miss Kilman’s portrayal the encapsulation turns out to be a lot further. Kilman recognizes that â€Å"she had got Elizabeth†, a reality that she knows Clarissa detests (129). Miss Kilman then attempts â€Å"to consider something else† to trouble Clarissa with, further featuring the damaging idea of the epitome (129). While Dr. Holmes’s obscurity to his epitome reinforces it, Miss Kilman’s strategic mindfulness fortifies her encapsulation. This significant contrast is made evident just through portrayal, or in Holmes’s case, deficiency in that department. Without free roundabout talk, characters would not have the option to typify subjects. .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .postImageUrl , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:visited , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:active { border:0!important; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:active , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u85a67bb2a8f457 12ed04dd71e4c05849 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Nature of Quantitative Research EssayThroughout the novel, subject turns out to be substantially more obvious through the method of free aberrant talk. The characters of the novel come to exemplify, genuinely become, subjects that smell ruin on other characters’ lives. Dr. Holmes and human instinct push Septimus to his end. Miss Kilman and love and religion figure out how to strip Clarissa of her actual qualities. The portrayal style of the novel is basic to understanding the possibility of encapsulation. Without a doubt, free roundabout talk in this novel features the malicious idea of human instinct and love and rel igion. The judgment of the topics drives one to ponder, is this piece of a bigger social editorial that Woolf is endeavoring to make? Do parts of human conduct inalienably have unreasonable effects on people themselves?

When to Use Independent Samples As Teaching Tools

When to Use Independent Samples As Teaching ToolsWhen it comes to writing and doing the work of teaching, many educators find it challenging to find independent samples that are good enough to use as an effective teaching aid. Finding the right learning materials can be a challenge, but in this case, you don't need the right materials. Independent samples may be better because they give you the freedom to use the material in ways that you believe are effective and efficient, not just as a teaching aid.Independent tests or essays can help you to study in a much more efficient way. Using an essay or test in place of class assignments, practice tests or actual lessons helps you avoid having to do too much studying for all the lessons. An essay or test provides you with a way to do all the reading, listening and research that you might have to do in a lesson.Students who take tests or essays in place of assignments are often so excited about the idea that they feel as if they're cheating . They're doing something wrong. No, you shouldn't do this, but your students will expect you to, which is why some teachers don't like to teach using this technique.You can use these extra materials in any course. For example, if you're teaching a foreign language class, your course material may consist of foreign text materials in addition to your usual written texts. In fact, most classes are comprised of several different kinds of materials.However, tests are a perfect way to give a student's attention to a problem or a topic that he is trying to remember or understand. In a foreign language class, for example, most of the materials focus on the importance of speaking and listening while studying in that language. The way that you use independent samples can easily change how much time you spend teaching the lesson, because you won't have to spend as much time in the process of proofreading or attending to an unhappy student. In a real world class, though, you can use tests or e ssays as your own private tutor. It gives you the opportunity to review the material and even do your own research to determine what works and what doesn't. By using an essay or test in place of class work, you have the ability to focus your attention on the details and make your own conclusions about what works best.Independent samples are a great tool for teachers who want to provide a structure for their lesson. Teachers who use independent samples will find that their students often find the assignments more enjoyable because they don't have to worry about doing the reading and writing.

The Portrayal Of African Americans - 1814 Words

Throughout the last century, the role that African Americans have played in films has changed drastically, and for the better. When black people first started acting in movies they were strictly relegated to playing the roles of pre-determined stereotypes of the black man. Not only were they forced to play the roles of insulting stereotypes, but also the only aspect that determined what role they would play was essentially their skin color. In a world today where we are taught that we are all equal and that color of skin is simply the product of where your people came from, your culture, and who your parents are. Throughout this research paper I will put forward the numerous stereotypes that are shown in the films that first used black†¦show more content†¦In fact the people of the NAACP agreed, â€Å"Black entertainers were not getting their due on regular awards shows, says Julian Bond, NAACP chairman emeritus and a civil rights activist. We had to create our own.†1 In 1967 the NAACP created the NAACP Image Awards, â€Å"to recognize exceptional performances of people of color in the arts, the awards also were meant to point out the paucity of blacks in movies and television -- as well as at the Academy Awards and Emmys.†1 Even at the end of the article that was cited, the author references how the NAACP Awards and the film industry itself have evolved through time. African Americans in film have evolved strongly over the past several decades, at one point there was essentially only five roles a black person could play in a movie. All of those roles are considered negatively inspired stereotypes of the African American, and are relatively well known today among Blacks and Whites. The first and most likely the best known among the standard black movie stereotypes is the â€Å"Tom†. â€Å"Toms are always chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted. They keep the faith never turn against their white masters and remai n hearty, submissive, stoic, generous, selfless and oh-so-very kind. They endear themselves to white audiences as

A Brief Note On Emma By Jane Austen Essay - 2070 Words

Term Paper in English 1 On Emma by Jane Austen In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Award of Degree of B.A [HONS.]ENGLISH Submitted by: Supervised by: Rashmi Priya Mrs. Suchi agarwal Amity Institute of English Studies and Research Amity University Uttar Pradesh India DECLARATION I Rashmi Priya student of B.A (Hons.) English of Amity Institute of English Studies and Research , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , hereby declare that I have completed the Term Paper in English 1 on Emma by Jane Austen in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.A (Hons.)English. I declare that it is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in full , for award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution. Rashmi Priya A0706114172 AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH Amity Institute of English Studies and Research Date: CERTIFICATE This Term Paper in English I Project titled ‘Emma’ by Jane Austen submitted by Rashmi Priya ,Enrollment No.A0706114172 , of Amity Institute of English Studies and Research , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.A (Hons.) English is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or full , for award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution. This TermShow MoreRelatedMr Benett and the Failures of Fatherhood8365 Words   |  34 PagesMr. Bennet and the Failures of Fatherhood in Jane Austens Novels Author(s): Mary A. Burgan Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 536552 Published by: University of Illinois Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27707956 . Accessed: 29/08/2012 00:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR isRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesadulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Plot outline 3 Examples 3.1 Precursors 3.2 17th century 3.3 18th century 3.4 19th century 3.5 20th century 3.6 21st century 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Origin[edit] The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimated it in 1870 and popularizedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesis agreed that the signal comes from an intelligent source and contains the message which says, when translated into English, Can you hear us? Describe yourself and where you are located. The continuously repeating message also includes a very brief description of the other civilization, indicating that they are a hydrocarbon-based life form that lives on two planets around a central star. Their signal gave no indication they know we exist. You, a leading government official, have been asked

Pride And Prejudice (858 words) Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice (858 words) Essay Pride And PrejudiceIn Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the emphasis is on irony, in its exposure of foolishness and the importance of social values. Jane Austens irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness. There are various forms of exquisite irony in Pride and Prejudice, sometimes the characters are unconsciously ironic, as when Mrs. Bennet seriously asserts that she would never accept any entailed property, though Mr. Collins is willing to. â€Å"Often Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth serve to directly express the authors ironic opinion† (Trevor 352). When Mary Bennet is the only daughter at home and does not have to be compared with her prettier sisters, the author notes that: â€Å"it was suspected by her father that she submitted to the change without much reluctance† (Austen 189). Mr. Bennet turns his wit on himself during the crisis with Whickham and Lydia: â€Å"let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough†(Austen 230). Elizabeths irony is lighthearted when Jane asks when she began to love Mr. Darcy: à ¢â‚¬Å"It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began. But I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly† (Austen 163). â€Å"She can be bitterly cutting however in her remark on Darcys role in separating Bingley and Jane† (Bowen 107): â€Å"Mr. Darcy is uncommonly kind to Mr. Bingley, and takes a prodigious deal of care of him† (Austen 202). â€Å"The author also independent of any character, uses irony in the narrative parts for some of her sharpest judgments† (Bradley 9). The Meryton Community is glad that Lydia is marrying such a worthless man as Whickham: â€Å" and the good nature wishes for her well doing, which had proceed before from all the spiteful old ladies in Meryton, lost but a little of their spirit in this change of circumstances, because with such a husband, her misery was certain† (Austen 270). â€Å"Austen uses irony to provoke gentle, whimsical laughter and to make veiled, b itter observations as well; in her hands irony is an extremely effective device for moral evaluation† (Francis 21): â€Å"She has Elizabeth say that she hopes she will never laugh at what is wise or good† (Austen 143). The characters on Pride and Prejudice are full of social values. â€Å"Every character is measured against the intelligence and sensitivity which eighteen-century people called good sense, and they stand and fall by common consent of the evaluation made by the author† (Hirsch 74). â€Å"The characters themselves, the sensible ones, accept this standard, and their relationships are determined by it, Mr. Bennet cannot be happy with his wife because he does not respect her† (Watt 296): â€Å"Mr. Bennet saw his wife, he was thinking about how obstinate she was, how money made her so happy, and how hypocrite she was† (Austen 90). â€Å"For this reason he retreats the ridiculousness of his family into sarcasm and carelessness† (Schroer 84). â€Å"Elizabeth also feels pained by her familys folly, and can not help realizing how harmful it is to Lydias and her own romances† (Brower 172): â€Å"I have bad news for you imprudent as a marriage between Mr. Whi ckham and our poor Lydia would be, we are now anxious to be assured it has taken place in Scotland† (Austen 262). â€Å"Likewise when Charlotte Lucas marries the idiotic Mr. Collins for purely materialistic reasons, Elizabeth knows their friendship can never be the same; they will separate. This stress on good sense brings characters together as well† (Jenkins 289). Jane, Elizabeth, and the Gardiners are tied to each other by affection and an alert confidence in each others judgment. â€Å"They can rely on both the mind and the heart of the others; this sensible and spirited attitude is what draws Darcy to Elizabeth in the first place. Since the quality of good sense is so important for the characters, we should know what it specifically is† (Watt 300). The two characteristics already mentioned, intelligence and sensitivity, are obviously essential. â€Å"A sense of responsibility also seems to be part of it† (Hirsch 64). Mrs. and Mr. Bennet are not sensib le when they fail to guide their family. This responsibility involves a consideration for the feelings of other people which silly characters as Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Lydia Bennet conspicuously lack. â€Å"What happens in Pride and Prejudice happens to nearly all of us, embarrassment at the foolishness of relatives, the unsteady feelings of falling in love, and the mortify of suddenly realizing a big mistake† (Bradley 28). â€Å"The psychological realism of the novel is revealed in the quick recognition we have of how the characters feel, there is a very convincing view of how an intelligent, feeling person changes, the sensitiveness of how people do feel and act† (Trevor 351); as when Elizabeth and Darcy are angry at each other and how they completely change their minds with the passage of time. .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .postImageUrl , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:hover , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:visited , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:active { border:0!important; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:active , .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a1089df0a9fe7f781ea339e225090fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computers Not the greatest invention of the 20 th EssayEnglish Essays

Tobacco Use Essay Research Paper Comparative forms free essay sample

Tobacco Use Essay, Research Paper Comparative signifiers of baccy usage In 1492 native Indians were smoking rolled up baccy foliages. In the sixteenth century baccy smoking spread to Europe. By the late 1800 baccy tolled in paper called coffin nails were a major industry with one million millions being sold each twelvemonth. Today there are many merchandises that contain baccy. Cigarettes and snuff are the most popular on the market. Cigarettes consist of baccy rolled in documents that are flavored, and some with filters. Snuff that consists of thinly chopped natural baccy air packed in containers to masticate. Many leaders of the baccy industry have yet to province that baccy is an addicting drug. But in society today it is really convenient to buy baccy. With coffin nail s a individual can whiff and inhale their lungs with fume, and snuff a individual must put in their oral cavities between your underside lip and gum. We will write a custom essay sample on Tobacco Use Essay Research Paper Comparative forms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both are ingested into your blood stream and can impact your organic structure in different ways. Both utilizations of baccy create unwritten arrested development to the users. Such unwritten arrested developments are so commanding they can damage your organic structure. With coffin nails it affects your lungs and pharynx. With snuff it affects your oral cavity, gums and pharynx. Both can do bad bre ath. Both can stain your fingers and teeth the colour yellow. Both can do early ripening. Cigarette smoke can take to malignant neoplastic disease in many parts of the organic structure, but non surprisingly most of the harm it does to the lungs. Chewing baccy can take to malignant neoplastic disease of the lips and oral cavity. Most coffin nail fumes would wish to believe they could protect themselves from malignant neoplastic disease merely by utilizing a holder or by exchanging to filter-tipped cigarrettes, cigar or a pipe. Unfortunately they cant. Chewing baccy is even worse. The users of this believe that merely because they are non inhaling it that they are safe as good. They are non. Two picks of baccy usage you inhale smoke or masticate baccy the effects are still terrible. Both can do disfiguration to the face, pharynx, and lungs. With coffin nail smoking your pharynx can be badly damaged with the interior walls of your pharynx being stripped of its tegument. Your lungs begin to be filled with baccy pitch that will suppress your external respiration and can do terrible coughing. Snuff your oral cavity and lower jaw can fade out and will hold to be removed. Whether you smoke or chew tobacco both are well long term unwellness s that lead to dependence. Although one can take to decease faster, they both every bit damage your wellness and organic structure.

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots

Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (December 8, 1542–February 8, 1587), was the ruler of Scotland as well as a potential claimant to the throne of England. Her tragic life included two disastrous marriages, imprisonment, and eventual execution by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Fast Facts: Mary, Queen of Scots Known For: Queen of Scotland and cousin to Queen Elizabeth I who eventually had Mary executedAlso Known As: Mary Stuart or Mary StewartBorn: December 8, 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, ScotlandParents: King James V and his French second wife, Mary of GuiseDied: February 8, 1587 in Fotheringhay Castle, EnglandEducation: Extensive private education including instruction in Latin, Greek, poetry and prose, horsemanship, needlework falconry, Spanish, Greek, and FrenchSpouse(s): Francis II, Dauphin of France, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of BothwellChildren: James VI of England (also James I of Scotland)Notable Quote: Marys last words are recorded as: â€Å"In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum† (â€Å"Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit†) Early Life The mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, was Mary of Guise (Mary of Lorraine) and her father was James V of Scotland, each in their second marriage. Mary was born on December 8, 1542, and her father James died on December 14, so the infant Mary became queen of Scotland when she was just a week old. James Hamilton, Duke of Arran, was made regent for Mary, Queen of Scots, and he arranged a betrothal with Prince Edward, the son of Henry VIII of England. But Marys mother, Mary of Guise, was in favor of an alliance with France instead of England, and she worked to overturn this betrothal and instead arranged for Mary to be promised in marriage to Frances dauphin, Francis. The young Mary, Queen of Scots, only 5 years old, was sent to France in 1548 to be raised as the future queen of France. She married Francis in 1558, and in July 1559, when his father Henry II died, Francis II became king and Mary became queen consort of France. Marys Claim to the English Throne Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart (she took the French spelling rather than the Scottish Stewart), was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor; Margaret was the older sister of Henry VIII of England. In the view of many Catholics, the divorce of Henry VIII from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and his marriage to Anne Boleyn were invalid, and the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth, was therefore illegitimate. Mary, Queen of Scots, in their eyes, was the rightful heir of Mary I of England, Henry VIIIs daughter by his first wife. When Mary I died in 1558, Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband Francis asserted their right to the English crown, but the English recognized Elizabeth as the heir. Elizabeth, a Protestant, supported the Protestant Reformation in Scotland as well as in England. Mary Stuarts time as queen of France was very short. When Francis died, his mother Catherine de Medici assumed the role of regent for his brother, Charles IX. Marys mothers family, the Guise relatives, had lost their power and influence, and so Mary Stuart returned to Scotland, where she could rule in her own right as queen. Mary in Scotland In 1560, Marys mother died, in the middle of a civil war she stirred up by attempting to suppress the Protestants, including John Knox. After the death of Mary of Guise, the Catholic and Protestant nobles of Scotland signed a treaty recognizing Elizabeths right to rule in England. But Mary Stuart, returning to Scotland, managed to avoid signing or endorsing either the treaty or recognition of her cousin Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots, was herself a Catholic and insisted on her freedom to practice her religion. But she did not interfere with Protestantisms role in Scottish life. John Knox, a powerful Presbyterian during Marys rule, nevertheless denounced her power and influence. Marriage to Darnley Mary, Queen of Scots, held on to hopes of claiming the English throne which she considered hers by right. She turned down Elizabeths suggestion that she marry Lord Robert Dudley, Elizabeths favorite, and be recognized as Elizabeths heir. Instead, in 1565 she married her first cousin, Lord Darnley, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Darnley, another grandson of Margaret Tudor and heir of another family with a claim to the Scottish throne, was in the Catholic perspective the next in line to Elizabeths throne after Mary Stuart herself. Many believed that Marys match with Darnley was impetuous and unwise. Lord James Stuart, the Earl of Moray, who was Marys half-brother (his mother was King James mistress), opposed Marys marriage to Darnley. Mary personally led troops in the chase-about raid, chasing Moray and his supporters to England, outlawing them and seizing their estates. Mary vs. Darnley While Mary, Queen of Scots, was at first charmed by Darnley, their relationship soon became strained. Already pregnant by Darnley, Mary, Queen of Scots, began to place trust and friendship in her Italian secretary, David Rizzio, who in turn treated Darnley and the other Scottish nobles with contempt. On March 9, 1566, Darnley and the nobles murdered Rizzio, planning that Darnley would put Mary Stuart in prison and rule in her place. But Mary outwitted the plotters: she convinced Darnley of her commitment to him, and together they escaped. James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who had supported her mother in her battles with the Scottish nobles, provided 2,000 soldiers, and Mary took Edinburgh from the rebels. Darnley tried to deny his role in the rebellion, but the others produced a paper that he had signed promising to restore Moray and his fellow exiles to their lands when the murder was complete. Three months after Rizzios murder, James, the son of Darnley and Mary Stuart, was born. Mary pardoned the exiles and allowed them to return to Scotland. Darnley, motivated by Marys split from him and by his expectations that the exiled nobles would hold his denial against him, threatened to create a scandal and leave Scotland. Mary, Queen of Scots, was apparently by this time in love with Bothwell. The Death of Darnley- and Another Marriage Mary Stuart explored ways to escape from her marriage. Bothwell and the nobles assured her that they would find a way for her to do so. Months later, on February 10, 1567, Darnley was staying at a house in Edinburgh, possibly recovering from smallpox. He awakened to an explosion and fire. The bodies of Darnley and his page were found in the garden of the house, strangled. The public blamed Bothwell for the death of Darnley. Bothwell faced charges at a private trial where no witnesses were called. He told others that Mary had agreed to marry him, and he got the other nobles to sign a paper asking her to do so. Immediate marriage, however, would violate any number of etiquette and legal rules. Bothwell was already married, and Mary would be expected to formally mourn her late husband Darnley for a few months at least. Before the official period of mourning was complete, Bothwell kidnapped Mary; many suspected that the event occurred with her cooperation. His wife divorced him for infidelity. Mary Stuart announced that, despite her kidnapping, she trusted Bothwells loyalty and would agree with the nobles who urged her to marry him. Under threat of being hanged, a minister published the banns, and Bothwell and Mary were married on Mary 15, 1567. Mary, Queen of Scots, subsequently attempted to give Bothwell more authority, but this was met with outrage. Letters (whose authenticity is questioned by some historians) were found tying Mary and Bothwell to Darnleys murder. Fleeing to England Mary abdicated the throne of Scotland, making her year-old son James VI, King of Scotland. Moray was appointed regent. Mary Stuart later repudiated the abdication and attempted to regain her power by force, but in May 1568, her forces were defeated. She was forced to flee to England, where she asked her cousin Elizabeth for vindication. Elizabeth deftly dealt with the charges against Mary and Moray: she found Mary not guilty of murder and Moray not guilty of treason. She recognized Morays regency, and she did not allow Mary Stuart to leave England. For nearly 20 years, Mary, Queen of Scots, remained in England, plotting to free herself, to assassinate Elizabeth, and to gain the crown with the help of an invading Spanish army. Three separate conspiracies were launched, discovered, and squelched. Death In 1586, Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought to trial on charges of treason in Fotheringay castle. She was found guilty and, three months later, Elizabeth signed the death warrant. Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading on February 8, 1587. Legacy The story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is still well known more than 400 years after her death. But while her life story is fascinating, her most significant legacy resulted from the birth of her son, James VI. James made it possible for the Stuart line to continue, and for Scotland, Ireland, and England to unite through the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Famous Quotes The best-known quotations from Mary, Queen of Scots, relate to her trial and execution. To those who stood in judgment of her relative to accusations of plotting against Elizabeth: Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England.To those executing her: I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.Last words, prior to beheading: In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum (Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit). Sources Castelow, Ellen. Biography of Mary, Queen of Scots. Historic UK.Guy, John. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart. Houghton Mifflin: New York. April 2004.â€Å"Queens Regnant: Mary, Queen of Scots - In My End Is My Beginning.† History of Royal Women, 19 Mar. 2017

The Efficacy And Advantages Of Inserting Foreign Genes Into The Essay

The Efficacy And Advantages Of Inserting Foreign Genes Into The Chloroplastic Genome Instead Of The Nuclear Genome - Essay Example Another batch of DNA was treated in a likewise manner, except that nucleotides containing thymine were added instead of adenine. (Avril, 187-94) When these two samples of DNA were mixed, the complementary "tails" of A- and T-bearing nucleotides became joined by hydrogen bonding. This combined the once separate fragments into long, interconnected chains. DNA ligase was then added to form bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups. The two DNA strands were now one. It was certainly intriguing that one could now cut up DNA into unpredictable heterogeneous fragments and randomly stitch them back together. However, for further insights into the organization of DNA and its genes -- that is, the determination of precise nucleotide sequencesvery specific nucleases would have to be found. The prevailing opinion was that such specific DNA-cutting capability did not exist in nature. The only clue to the possibility that more specific nucleases might exist came from observations beginning as early as 1953 that when DNA molecules from E. coli were introduced into another slightly different form of E. coli they seldom functioned genetically. They were quickly broken down into smaller fragments. This apparently was part of a system that had evolved in bacteria to protect them against the entrance of foreign DNA. In addition to all of the other more obvious forms of competition in nature, there is a constant invisible struggle played out in the microscopic world, in this case between bacteria and bacteriophages. Darwin's natural selection is recreated here on a minute scale. (David, 131-44) First, bacteria can be grown under controlled conditions, rapidly and in enormous numbers. Overnight, a few cells will multiply into literally billions. It is very important to understand that a bacterial cell ordinarily reproduces simply by copying itself. Assuming that no mutations occur in the cells, all the descendants of that one cell are identical. Such a population of cells originating from a single cell is termed a "clone" and the process of producing that clone is referred to as "cloning" the cell. The DNA in a typical bacterial cell exists in two forms. One is the single bacterial chromosome which, unlike the chromosomes in our cells, is in the form of a circular molecule. The DNA of all other organisms can be likened to a long string. In bacteria, the ends of the string are joined, forming a circle. In addition to the DNA in the bacterial chromosome, DNA also occurs in bacteria in the form of plasmids. These, like the bacterial chromosome, are also circular DNA molecules, but much smaller. When the bacterial cell divides, the bacterial chromosome replicates and one chromosome is passed on to the new cell. Likewise, each of the plasmids replicate and half are delivered to the next generation. The plasmids are unique, independent, self-replicating DNA molecules which can exist only within the living bacterial cell. Plasmids can easily be isolated from bacteria by breaking open the cells with enzymes which break down the cell wall. The resulting mix is centrifuged.The heavier chromosomal DNA, termed "genomic" DNA, as well as cell fragments will go to the

Project Management - planning, conduct, administering, and closing Essay

Project Management - planning, conduct, administering, and closing supply chains [sap5] - Essay Example There are companies that successfully manage internal aspects of their supply chain plan. However, external issues create a greater problem, specifically for  small businesses (Kouvelis, Chambers and Wang, 2006). Small firms have smaller network of  suppliers by building relationships and increasing efficiency hence lowering risk. Ordinarily, certain industries experience higher  supply chain  risks. For instance, pharmaceutical and food companies have strong foundation and understanding of strategy for safeguarding against supply chain problems and interruptions. Effective strategies on supply chain management improve aspects of business like operations and customer service. Code of Conduct Responsibility for people and the environment affects supply chain operations. The role of supply chain includes verifying compliance, making demands, and creating long-term relationships with suppliers (Tyndall, 2004). Moreover, it has to support efforts for sustainable improvements. Cod e of Conduct forms the fundamentals of efforts for improving work environment and working conditions for manufactured products. The code comprises demands pertaining environmental impacts and human rights targeting operations, suppliers and manufacturers. The Code of conduct requirements are derived from the Rights of the Child and the UN Declaration on Human Rights. All manufacturers and suppliers should ratify the Code of Conduct so as to be part of the supply chain. The responsibility of Suppliers is in ensuring that their own manufacturers and suppliers adhere to the Code (Kouvelis, Chambers and Wang, 2006). Manufacturers and Suppliers who cannot or will not sign the Code or live up to organizational needs may not be allowed business. The Code requirements include prohibition of child or forced labour, non discrimination based on personal characteristics or beliefs. Workplace health and safety should be prioritized alongside safe and correct handling of waste and hazardous subst ances. Ultimately, the working conditions must be acceptable. Administering Supply Chain Administering supply chain requires performance of cost-to-serve analysis and regular demand. Fundamentals of segmentation are based on profitability of customers, products and demand dynamics. This analysis gives the required information meant to tailor supply chain policies and service concessions meant to raise the overall profitability of the portfolio. The change in the dynamics of demand and profitability in today's quickly changing business landscape has institutionalized a standard cadence. In the recent past, demand has been regarded as a single requirement to reactions of supply chain. Today, demand signals emanates from forecasts, orders, and safety stock coming from different channels such as Web, retail, enterprise and distributors (Kouvelis, Chambers and Wang, 2006). Furthermore, demand signals originate from different customer types where large, highly profitably customers are com pared to small, unprofitable customers. Besides, diverse customers have different fulfilling relationships depending on the service needed, the customer volume and profitability, and customer support channels. One of the problems facing supply chain managers is the dynamics of supply chain cost structures. There is a greater fluctuation on fuel costs, labor costs, and currency exchange rates for low-cost countries. Profitable sourcing strategies will change to

Organizational Performance Management Table Essay Example for Free

Organizational Performance Management Table Essay After you have completed your individual research on your chosen type of health care organization, collaborate with your Learning Team to complete this table. Then, refer to this table as you collaborate to write your paper. Include this table as an appendix to your paper. Fill in the necessary information in each cell, but be as succinct as possible. 1. Provide names of or links to specific organizations. Summarize key products or services provided by each type of organization and identify the primary customers they serve. Organization One Organization Two Organization Three http://www.fda.gov/ U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2. Outline the overall content of the major regulations, accreditation requirements, and other standards that affect each organization. Provide the title, section, parts, or subparts or the numbering system and so on of the specific regulations or accreditation requirements. For example: Use of electronic signatures in electronic medical records is equivalent to handwritten signatures on paper; FDA regulation; Title 21 CFR Part 11, Subpart C, Â § 11.200 Electronic Signature: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=11 Organization One Organization Two Organization Three Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) Because of their importance, an agency’s rulemaking plans are of great interest to a wide range to stakeholders. Therefore, the Federal Government publishes a semi-annual agenda of upcoming regulations in the Federal Register, usually in the Spring and Fall. As part of FDA’s Transparency Initiative and FDA Transparency Results Accountability Credibility Knowledge Sharing (TRACK), we are also providing periodic updates on FDA’s Unified Agenda rulemakings. On the Unified Agenda-TRACK Web page, we will maintain an updated agenda of FDA’s Unified Agenda rulemakings. 3. Highlight the effect of each organization’s regulations, accreditation requirements, and other standards on the risk- and quality-management functions and activities. Organization One Organization Two Organization Three The scope of FDA’s regulatory authority is very broad. FDAs responsibilities are closely related to those of several other government agencies. Often frustrating and confusing for consumers is determining the appropriate regulatory agency to contact. The following is a list of traditionally-recognized product categories that fall under FDA’s regulatory jurisdiction; however, this is not an exhaustive list. In general, FDA regulates: Foods, including: dietary supplements bottled water food additives infant formulas other food products (although the U.S. Department of Agriculture plays a lead role in regulating aspects of some meat, poultry, and egg products) Drugs, including: prescription drugs (both brand-name and generic) non-prescription (over-the-counter) drugs Biologics, including: vaccines blood and blood products cellular and gene therapy products tissue and tissue products allergenics Medical Devices, including: simple items like tongue depressors and bedpans complex technologies such as heart pacemakers dental devices surgical implants and prosthetics Electronic Products that give off radiation, including: microwave ovens x-ray equipment laser products ultrasonic therapy equipment mercury vapor lamps sunlamps Cosmetics, including: color additives found in makeup and other personal care products skin moisturizers and cleansers nail polish and perfume Veterinary Products, including: livestock feeds pet foods veterinary drugs and devices Tobacco Products, including: cigarettes cigarette tobacco roll-your-own tobacco smokeless tobacco 4. Specify components of performance-management systems—policies and procedures, self-audits, benchmarking, complaint management, corrective or preventive action, education and training, communication, and other mechanisms—to be used by each organization. Organization One Organization Two Organization Three Risk communication staff: Our Risk Communication Staffs objective is to assess and enhance FDAs approaches to effectively communicate the risks and benefits of using FDA-regulated products. This includes providing leadership in identifying, developing, conducting and promoting cross-cutting research, promoting understandable communication, and finding ways to improve the consistency and effectiveness of our communication approaches. This program also directs the activities of FDAs Risk Communication Advisory Committee, which was established: to advise on strategies and programs to communicate the risks and benefits of FDA-regulated products so as to facilitate optimal use; to review and evaluate FDAs and others research relevant to such communication; and to facilitate interactively sharing risk and benefit information with the public to help people make informed independent judgments about use of FDA-regulated products. Our major functions include: Coordinating development of agency policies on risk communication practices. Coordinating agency strategic planning activities concerning risk communications. Coordinating agency research agenda for risk communication methods. Facilitating development and sharing of risk communication best practices and standard operating procedures. Conducting risk communications research on methodological and cross-cutting issues. Leading management and coordination of the FDA Risk Communication Advisory Committee. Staffing and co-leading FDA’s Communications Council 5. Provide links to any relevant sources that will be useful as your Learning Team completes the paper. Organization One Organization Two Organization Three Fda.gov

Connection in Forster’s Howards End Essay -- Howards End Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epigraph of E.M. Forster's novel Howards End is just two words: "only connect".   As economical as this gesture seems, critics and interpreters have made much of this succinct epigraph and the theme of connection in Howards End.   Stephen Land, for example, cites a: demand for connection, in the sense of moving freely between the two Forsterian worlds - the two "sides of the hedge", the everyday world of social norms and the arcadian or paradisal world of individual self-realization - has its roots in earlier stories..." [1]  Ã‚   He goes on to say that "each [character] must reconcile or connect for himself the range of conceptual polarities exposed by the story - prose and passion, seen and unseen, masculine and feminine, new and old"   (Land, 165).   Land reads the novel as some sort of compromise between these two worlds - the realm of social justice and the realm of the individual.   Other critics have made similar gestures.   James McConkey, for one, feels that "Margaret will reconcile the human and transcendent realms so that she may live in harmony with the human; the voice senses the connection through its remove from both." [2]  Ã‚   These critics seem to confuse "connection" with "reconciliation", seem to read the novel as a triumph for humanism and social justice.   I feel this is a little bit of . . . fudging.   True, the characters in Howards End experience reconciliation at the close of the novel - but reconciliation occurs only when love passes out of the novel, when the narrative ceases to be a bridge between two worlds.   The meaning of the word "connect" diminishes as the novel progresses, gradually loses its mythic, transcendent meaning.    The "only connect" moment referenced in the epigraph comes wh... ...any remnant of the bridge between the paradisal world and the world of manners and civic duty.   The concept of connection is so degraded as to be unrecognizable.   This is what happens after love fails. The celestial omnibus will not stop at Howards End again.             [1] Stephen Land.   Challenge and Conventionality in the Fiction of E.M. Forster.   New York: AMS Press, 1990 (165).   Hereafter cited parenthetically.   [2] James McConkey.   The Novels of E.M. Forster.   New York: Cornell University Press, 1957 (79). [3] E.M. Forster.   Howards End.   New York: Penguin, 1986 (154).   Hereafter cited parenthetically. [4] E.M. Forster.   "The Celestial Omnibus".   The Collected Tales of E.M. Forster.   New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952 (61).   It seems prudent to note that this story was first published in 1911, one year after Howards End appeared.   

Business Continuity Planning

Though interruptions to business can be due to major natural disasters such as fires, floods, earthquakes and storms; or due to man-made disasters such as wars, terrorist attacks and riots; it is usually the more mundane and less sensational disasters such as power failure, equipment failure, theft and sabotage that are the causes behind disruptions to business.A Business Continuity Plan or â€Å"Continuity of Business Planning (CoB Plan) †¦ defines the process of identification of the applications, customers (internal & external) and locations that a business plans to keep functioning in the occurrence of such disruptive events, as well the failover processes & the length of time for such support. This encompasses hardware, software, facilities, personnel, communication links and applications† (MphasiS, 2003).A Business Continuity Plan is formulated in order to enable the organization to recover from a disaster with the minimum loss of time and business by restoring its critical operations quickly and smoothly. The Business Continuity Plan should be devised in such a way that it involves not only the recovery, resumption and maintenance of only the technology components but also of the entire business. Recovery of only the ICT systems and infrastructure may not always imply the full restoration of business operations.The Business Recovery Planning at XE therefore envisages the consideration of all risks to business operations that may include not only ICT applications and infrastructure but also directly impact on other business processes. After conducting an extensive Business Impact Analysis (BIA), Risk Assessment for XE was carried out by evaluating the assumptions made in BIA under various threat scenarios. Threats were analyzed on the basis of their potential impact to the organization, its customers and the financial market it is associated with.The threats were then prioritized depending on their severity. The following threats were identifi ed for XE: 1. Natural disasters such as floods, fires, storms, earthquakes, extreme weather, etc. 2. Man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks, wars and riots. 3. Routine threats that include: a. Non-availability of critical personnel b. Inaccessibility of critical buildings, facilities or geographic regions c. Malfunctioning of equipment or hardware d. Inaccessibility or corruption of software and data due to various reasons including virus attacks e. Non-availability of support servicesf. Failure of communication links and other essential utilities such as power g. Inability to meet financial liquidity requirements, and h. Unavailability of essential records. Organizing the BCP Team The first and most important step in developing a successful disaster recovery plan is to create management awareness. The top-level management will allocate necessary resources and time required from various areas of the organizations only if they understand, realize and support the value of disast er recovery. The management has to also accord approval for final implementation of the plan.The BCP team therefore has to have a member from the management who can not only provide the inputs from the management but also apprise the management and get its feedback. Besides these, each core or priority area has to be represented by at least one member. Finally, there has to an overall Business Continuity Plan coordinator who is responsible not only for co-ordination but also for all other aspects of BCP implementation such as training, updating, creating awareness, testing, etc. The coordinator usually has his or her own support team.XE’s Business Continuity Planning team would therefore comprise representatives from the management and each of the core or priority areas, and would be held together by the BCP coordinator. Even in the case of outsourcing of the BCP, it is necessary for the management and nominated members from the core or priority areas to be closely associated with each step of the planning process. Crucial Decisions The key decisions to be made in formulating the Business Continuity Plan for XE were associated with the individual steps that were undertaking in making the BCP.The first step of Business Impact Analysis (BIA) involved making a work flow analysis to assess and prioritize all business functions and processes including their interdependencies. At this stage, the potential impact of business disruptions was identified along with all the legal and regulatory requirements for XE’s business functions and processes. Based on these, decisions on allowable downtime and acceptable level of losses were taken. Estimations were made on Recovery Time Objectives (RTOs), Recovery Point Objectives (RPOs) and recovery of the critical path.The second step of Business Continuity Planning comprised of risk assessment during which business processes and the assumptions made in the course of BIA were evaluated using various threat scenario s. The decisions made at this stage included the threat scenarios that were to be adopted, the severity of the threats and finally identification the risks that were to be considered in the BCP based on the assessments made. The next step of Risk Management involved drawing up of the plan of action with respect to the various risks.This was the stage at which the actual Business Continuity Plan was drawn up, formulated and documented. Crucial decisions such as what specific steps whould be taken during a disruption, the training programs that should be organized to train personnel in implementation of the BCP, and the frequency of updating and revisions that would be required were taken at this stage. Finally, in the Risk Monitoring and Testing stage, decisions regarding the suitability and effectiveness of the BCP were taken with reference to the initial objectives of the Business Continuity Plan. Business Rules and System Back-upsMy friend works for the Motor Vehicles department t hat issues driving licenses for private and commercial vehicles. Applicants for any license initially come and deposit a fee. The particulars of the specific applicant along with photograph and biometrics in the form of finger prints are then entered into the database. Thereafter, the applicant undergoes a medical test, the results of which are again entered into the database of the system. If approved in the medical test, the applicant has to appear for an initial theoretical test on driving signs and rules and regulations.If the applicant passes the test, he or she is given a Learner’s License. The applicant then comes back for the practical driving test after a month, and is awarded the driving license if he or she is able to pass the test. New additions are made to the database of the driving license system at every stage of this workflow. Though the tests for the learner’s license and driving license are held three days in a week, an individual can apply any day o f the five working days of the department. People also come for renewal of driving licenses.Driving licenses are usually issued for a period of one to five years depending on the age and physical condition of the applicant. In the case of commercial vehicles, an applicant first has to obtain a trainee driving license and work as an apprentice driver for two years before he or she becomes eligible for a driving license to drive a commercial vehicle. Moreover, a commercial driving license is issued only for a year at time, and the driver has to come back for evaluation and medical tests every year.The number and frequency of transactions are therefore much higher for commercial vehicles. As is evident from the business rules of the department, data is added and modified frequently for a specific applicant during the process of the initial application. Subsequently, data is again added to or the database modified after an interval of one month for the same applicant. Thereafter, fresh data is added to the database or the database modified only after a period of five years when the applicant comes back for renewal.However, there is always the possibility that someone loses or misplaces his or her license and comes back to have a duplicate issued. But when the scenario of multiple applicants who can come in at any day for fresh, duplicate or renewal of licenses is considered, it becomes evident that transactions are not periodic or time bound but are continuous. Transactions can happen any time during working hours resulting in changes to the database of the system. Taking only complete backup of the system would not be the optimal backup solution under the given circumstances.Whatever frequency of complete backup is adopted, the chance of losing data will be very high in the case of database failure or any other disastrous event that results system failure or corruption. Moreover, taking complete backup of the system very frequently would be a laborious and cumber some exercise. The ideal backup method in this case would be incremental backup in which backup is taken of only the data that is added or modified the moment it is added or modified, and a complete backup is taken at a periodic frequency.Under the situation, the Motor Vehicles Department has opted for continuous incremental backup with a complete backup taken at the end of the day. As a Business Continuity Plan measure, the department uses a remote backup mirroring solution that provides host-based, real-time continuous replication to a disaster recovery site far away from their servers over standard IP networks. This mirroring process uses continuous, asynchronous, byte-level replication and captures the changes as they occur. It copies only changed bytes, therefore reducing network use, enabling quicker replication and reducing latency to a great extent.This remote mirroring solution integrates with the existing backup solutions, and can replicate data to perform remote backups a nd can take snapshots at any time without having any impact on the performance of the production severs. It replicates over the available IP network, both in LAN and WAN, and has been deployed without any additional cost. This remote mirroring solution accords the department the maximum possible safeguard against data loss from failures and other disasters. Database Processing Efficiency versus Database Storage EfficiencyThough storage costs as such has decreased dramatically over the years, the controversy between database processing efficiency and database storage efficiency continues to be an issue because the overall performance of a systems is affected by the way data is stored and processed. In other words, even though the volume of storage space available may no longer be a constraint financially and physically, the way this space is utilized has an impact on the database processing efficiency which in turns affects the overall performance of the application or the system.Und er the present circumstances, though it is possible to compromise on the side of database storage efficiency to derive greater database performance efficiency and thus improve the overall performance of the system, achieving optimization of the overall performance of a system requires striking a fine balance between database processing and database storage efficiency. There can be many tradeoffs between data processing speed and the efficient use of storage space for optimal performance of a system. There is no set rule on which tradeoffs to adopt, and differs according to the practical data creation, modification and flow of the system.Certain broad guidelines can however be followed in order to increase the overall utility of the database management system. Examples of such guidelines are to be found in the case of derived fields, denormalization, primary key and indexing overheads, reloading of database and query optimization. Derived fields Derived field are the fields in which data is obtained after the manipulation or operation of two or more original fields or data. The issue at stake is whether the data should be stored only in the original form or as the processed data in derived field also.When the data is stored only in the original form, the derived field is calculated as and when required. It is obvious that storing derived data will require greater storage space but the processing time will be comparatively less i. e. storage efficiency will be low whereas processing efficiency becomes higher. However, the decision on whether to store derived fields or not depend on other considerations such as how often the calculated data is likely to change, and how often the calculated data will be required or used. An example will make will serve to make matters more clear.A university student’s grade point standing is a perfect example of the derived field. For a specific class, a student’s grade point is obtained by multiplying the points cor responding to the grade of the student by the number of credit hours associated with the course. The points or the grade and the number of credit hours are therefore the original data, by multiplying which we get the grade point or the derived field. The decision on whether to store the derived field or not, will in this case depend on how often the grade point of a student is likely to change, and how often the student’s grade points are actually required.The grades of a student who has already graduated is unlikely to undergo nay more changes, whereas the grades of a student still studying in the university will change at regular frequency. In such a case, storing the grade points of an undergraduate would be more meaningful than storing the grade points of a student who has already graduated. Again if the undergraduate’s grades are reported only once a term, then it may not be worth it to store grade points as derived fields. The significance of the matter is realiz ed when we consider a database of thousand of students.The tradeoff in this case is between storing the grade points as derived fields and gaining on database processing efficiency and losing out on database storage efficiency on one hand; and not storing the derived fields and gaining on storage efficiency but losing out processing efficiency on the other. Denormalization Denormalization is a process by which the number of records in a fully normalized database can be considerably reduced even while adhering to the rule of the First Normal Form that states that the intersection of any row with any column should result in a single data value.The process of cutting down multiple records into a single record is applicable only in certain specific cases in which the number and frequency of transaction is known. Normalization of a database is required to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the data which in turn leads to validity of the reports generated by the system and the reliabi lity of the of the decisions based on the system. Denormalization, if done randomly can upset the balance of the database while economizing on storage space. The dilemma of Indexing Unplanned use of primary key has a telling negative affect on the database storage efficiency.Many database systems resort to setting index on a field. When a field is index, the system sets a pointer to that particular field. The pointer helps in processing the data much faster. However, indexing fields also results in the system storing and maintaining data but also information or data about the storage. The question therefore again boils down to deciding on whether to achieve higher processing efficiency by compromising storage efficiency or to enable higher storage capabilities at the cost of processing efficiency.Sorting the data periodically is one way of overcoming the dilemma of indexing. However, sorting itself is highly taxing on the resources of a system. Moreover, in large organizations with millions of data, a sort may take even up to hours during which all computer operations remain suspended. Other factors Storage efficiency and processing efficiency are also interdependent in other ways. The deletion of data without reloading the database from time to time may result in the deleted data actually not being removed from the database.The data is simply hidden by setting a flag variable or marker. This results not only in low storage efficiency but also in low processing efficiency. Reloading a database removes the deleted data permanently from the database and leads to smaller amount of data and a more efficient use if resources thereby boosting processing efficiency. Similarly, haphazard coding structures can impact negatively both on the storage efficiency and the processing efficiency of a database. Completely ignoring storage efficiency while prioritizing processing efficiency, can never lead to database optimization.Conversely, optimization can also never be achie ved by an over emphasis on storage efficiency. The objective is to strike the right balance. The interrelationships between database storage efficiency and database processing efficiency therefore keep the controversy between the two alive in spite of a dramatic decrease in storage costs over the years. References -01 MphasiS Corporation, 2003, MphasiS Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity Plan, [Online] Available. http://www. mphasis. com [June 27, 2008]

An Analysis Of Euripides The Suppliants - 1372 Words

In The Suppliants, Euripides wrote, â€Å"The people cannot form proper judgements and therefore cannot rightly direct a state†. Euripides is living in the midst of democracy in Athens; therefore his quote is a critique of what is happening around him. In his quote, he is taking an anti-democratic stance towards the question of who is fit to rule. Euripides believes only one or few people should rule a state, as not all are qualified or have the ‘proper judgement’ to do so. However, people do rule the state, without having to meet any arbitrary requirements to be fit to rule. The term ‘proper judgement’ is highly subjective and the notion that only a few have the ability to rule is simply paternalistic. The relative success of ancient Athenian and contemporary Swiss direct democracy show that people do have the ability to form proper judgments. It was Aristotle who once said â€Å"man is a political animal†, so it is in human nature to be polit ically involved. In opposition, Plato describes the grave consequences of placing the power into the one or the few in his ideal yet authoritarian state. There are many issues with Euripides’ quote. Firstly, the term ‘proper judgment’ is extremely abstract. For instance, Machiavelli and Kant would have very different ideas on what ‘proper judgment’ may be, but both are thought to be notable political philosophers. The decisions rulers make will always be criticized by one group of people, so it is difficult to say for certain if someone meets